Review of Studies on the Application of Collagen-based Gels in Three-dimensional Printing and Bioprinting for the Production of Medical Products for Regenerative Medicine

Collagen, as the main structural protein of the extracellular matrix, has unique properties of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity, making it an ideal material for creating bioinks in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting. This article presents a narrative review of the literature. This review summarizes current advances in the use of collagen gels for bioprinting tissues and organs. Various types of collagen bioinks, methods of their modification, and their application in the restoration of both soft (skin, cartilage, heart, and blood vessels) and hard (skull, femur, and spine) tissues are considered. Special attention is paid to the technological aspects of 3D bioprinting, including printer types and product formation methods. The analysis covers current limitations, such as the need to improve the mechanical properties and vascularization of structures, as well as promising areas of development, including the creation of intelligent, multifunctional scaffolds. The review demonstrates the significant potential of collagen-based gels in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and personalized therapy. The aim of this work is to review the methods of bioprinting of collagen scaffolds and to assess the prospects of its application in dentistry for tissue regeneration. The protocol for this systematic review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the registration number CRD1150890. PROSPERO ID: 1150890.