Evolution of Materials and Engineering Techniques Used in Stormwater Infrastructure with Urban Growth and Societal Changes

The design and construction of stormwater infrastructure have continually evolved to meet the changing needs of societies while integrating technological advancements and material innovations. Increased awareness of environmental impacts has driven a transition toward sustainable, locally sourced materials over time. This study examines the historical development of stormwater infrastructure in major urban centers in response to changes in societal needs and priorities, including population growth, public health, and environmental concerns, by focusing on material use and functionality. The comprehensive literature review traces advancements from ancient civilizations to the present, studying the transition from early drainage systems to modern green stormwater infrastructure and emphasizing the process of transition toward sustainability and resilience. Key objectives of this review are as follows: (1) examine the evolution of societal needs for stormwater management across historical periods; (2) compare the materials and techniques utilized in the design and construction of stormwater infrastructure; and (3) explore emerging trends and future directions in urban stormwater management. The analyses spanned from ancient civilizations through the post-Roman period, to the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, providing a timeline that highlights innovations and shifts in material use and design concepts in each era. Ancient systems showcase resourceful engineering solutions that remain relevant today. Key innovations and shifts toward sustainability, resilience, and ecological integration are explored.