From Scan to Surgery: A Review of Computer-Assisted Imaging in Dental Implant Planning

Abstract Computer-assisted imaging has become integral to modern implant dentistry, enhancing precision, safety, and predictability in surgical outcomes. Central to this digital workflow are Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and Standard Tessellation Language (STL) files, which provide complementary datasets for comprehensive treatment planning. CBCT offers detailed three-dimensional visualization of hard tissues, enabling accurate assessment of bone volume, anatomical landmarks, and proximity to vital structures. STL files, derived from intraoral or desktop scanners, represent the surface morphology of teeth and soft tissues with high resolution. In static navigation systems, these datasets are merged to design and fabricate surgical guides using computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology. These guides facilitate precise osteotomy preparation and implant placement based on a pre-defined virtual plan. On the other hand, dynamic navigation systems utilize real-time tracking technologies, integrating CBCT-derived anatomical data with STL surface scans to allow intraoperative adjustments and visual guidance without the need for a physical guide. The integration of CBCT and STL data thus bridges diagnostic accuracy with operational precision, enabling minimally invasive procedures and improving both aesthetic and functional outcomes. As the field continues to evolve with innovations such as artificial intelligence and robotics, mastering the use of these digital tools is essential for clinicians seeking to deliver evidence-based, patient-centered care.