Behaviour recognition of tail and ear biting in pigs using AI-based computer vision

• Video-based system detects tail and ear biting in pigs using deep learning. • Biting behavior is detected independently, regardless of pig posture or activity level. • SlowFast and MViTv2 models are evaluated for spatio-temporal behaviour recognition. • Spatio-temporal features enable effective classification of damaging behaviours in pigs. • Method supports early intervention and data-driven breeding decisions. Damaging behaviours in pigs, such as tail biting and ear biting, compromise animal welfare and farm productivity. Continuous monitoring of these behaviours is essential to intervene before escalation, gain insights into underlying causes and develop breeding programs to select pigs with lower genetic propensity for such behaviours. However, manual observations are impractical at a large-scale. To address this challenge, we propose a video-based behaviour recognition model that facilitates the automated monitoring of individual pigs. Two state-of-the-art video-based methods are investigated: SlowFast and Improved Multiscale Vision Transformers (MViTv2) for recognizing tail and ear biting in pigs, by exploiting spatiotemporal domain features. Data are collected on a commercial pig farm. In total, 532 tail-biting events (63,815 frames) and 750 ear-biting events (78,132 frames) are annotated across seven pens of tail-docked pigs. Tail biting and ear biting are defined as nibbling, sucking, chewing, or biting the tail or the ear of a pen mate. The best-performing method is based on the MViTv2-S model, which enables efficient spatiotemporal modeling. The detection accuracies obtained for tail and ear biting are 72.22 % and 72.37 %, respectively. An important and novel aspect to our knowledge is that for the first time, behaviour detection is developed without a posture requirement on the biter or the victim. The conducted experiments demonstrate the feasibility of computer-vision-based models for the recognition of damaging behaviours on commercial pig farms. This study is a crucial step towards the development of an automated early-warning approach and breeding programs to reduce tail biting and ear biting.