Make every action count: exploring the universe of low-carbon behavior research through TCCM framework

Despite the critical role of low-carbon behavior in climate change mitigation, existing research lacks systematic integration across different behavioral levels. This TCCM-based (Theory, Context, Characteristics, and Methodology) systematical review of 125 Web of Science papers reveals critical imbalances and gaps. Theoretically, micro-level theories frameworks dominate (60.9%) while macro (8.6%) and cross-level theories (7.0%) remain underdeveloped. Contextually, research concentrates on individual (38 papers) and organizational behavior (30 papers), with social dimensions underexplored (19 papers). Analysis identifies 142 internal and 96 external determinants, yet studies predominantly employ additive rather than interactive models. Methodologically, structural equation modeling (42 instances) and game theory (16 instances) show strong theory-method-context coupling, enabling disciplinary depth while constraining integration. Future research requires middle-range theories bridging micro-macro divides, expanded coverage of emerging contexts (digital platforms, sharing economy), and methodological pluralism including longitudinal designs and mixed-methods approaches to advance multi-level understanding of low-carbon behavior.