Elbow dislocation

Elbow dislocations are common injuries, occurring mainly during sport, and often affecting young people. It can be classified according to the joint involved, age, main direction of displacement, extent of displacement, and the presence or absence of associated fractures. Posterolateral dislocation of the elbow is the most frequent episode of acute instability. Anatomical studies show that any dislocation will be responsible for ligament damage, either to the external ligament complex, in the case of dislocation by external rotation, or to the ulnar collateral ligament, in the case of dislocation by valgus trauma. Knowledge of the mechanism is essential for diagnosing ligament injury. A standard radiographic work-up is sufficient for diagnosis. The quality of the final result depends on emergency treatment. The current trend is towards treatment adapted to the stability of the elbow after reduction, favouring early mobilisation in protected areas. Associated lesions are frequent, most often fractures (radial head, coronoid process, epicondyle and olecranon), sometimes justifying specific treatments that modify the management of the dislocation. Isolated dislocation of the radial head is common in children, but more rare in adults. Recurrent elbow dislocations are uncommon, and are often linked to incompetence of the lateral ligament complex. Their diagnosis is confirmed by specific clinical tests, and treatment is based on surgical reconstruction of the external ligament complex. Anterior dislocations are rare, often of the fracture-luxation type, and the prognosis is often guarded. Dislocations of the elbow are common and require appropriate treatment. Incomplete immobilisation or failure to recognise associated injuries can lead to garve sequelae such as inveterate dislocation, instability or stiffness. Early rehabilitation remains a key adjunct in the management of elbow dislocations.