Remote train driving from the driver's perspective: insights and design considerations for future control stations

As the rail industry explores remote train operation, understanding the perspectives of train drivers is critical to designing effective remote-control stations. This study investigates how professional train drivers perceive remote train operation compared to traditional in-cab driving and identifies key design requirements for remote operator workstations. Using a mixed-methods approach, 15 licensed train drivers participated in experimental drives of a prototype train under both manual and remote-control conditions. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews, followed by evaluation of two interface prototypes developed based on participant feedback. Results show that while drivers generally preferred in-cab operation due to better sensory feedback and situational awareness, many recognized the potential of remote operation, particularly if interfaces are ergonomically designed, visually clear, and adaptable to various operational contexts. The findings underscore the importance of human-centered design in developing remote operator workstations that support ergonomic comfort, sensory awareness, and operational efficiency. Simplicity, clarity, and functional relevance emerged as key interface priorities, alongside the need to accommodate differing operational needs between passenger and freight train drivers. These insights provide valuable guidance for the iterative development of safe and effective remote train control systems.