A systematic review of automated International Classification of Diseases coding models using the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care dataset

Automated ICD coding tasks have improved, but ongoing challenges remain. These challenges include a lack of diverse data, inadequate use of medical knowledge, complex algorithms, and insufficient validation by clinical coders. Those issues obstruct the model implementation. Future research should focus on integrating a wider range of multimodal data, enhancing the application of medical knowledge, and improving the explainability of models.