From Ecological Functions to Green Space Management: Driving Factors and Planning Implications of Urban Ecosystem Service Bundles

Amidst rapid urbanization, balancing ecological protection with development demands has become a critical challenge for sustainable planning. This article collected data on the natural geography and socio-economic aspects of Fuzhou City and quantified five key ecosystem services—crop production, water yield, carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and habitat quality—using the InVEST model. By using SOFM to identify different ESBs and combining sensitivity analysis to form different ecological functional zones, and using geographic detectors to detect their driving factors, this aims to provide a framework for urban green space management. The results indicate that ecosystem services have a significant northwest southeast spatial gradient and can be divided into five types of ESBs. Among them, the core ecological clusters account for 59.36% of the study area and are mainly distributed in the forest-covered northwest region. Based on different service bundles and sensitivity levels, it is divided into five ecological functional zones. Geographic detector analysis shows that the interaction effect between natural factors (such as altitude and precipitation) and socio-economic factors (such as GDP density and land use) significantly enhances the explanatory power of ESB distribution. This study provides a transferable model for ecological management in global coastal cities facing similar terrain complexity and urbanization pressures. The framework demonstrates how understanding ecosystem service packages and their driving factors can effectively guide urban ecological planning decisions and provide valuable insights into coordinating ecological protection and urban development through targeted green space management methods.