Policy, institutional governance, and capacity building for disaster management: The European Union perspective from the supranational level, through national approaches, to local solutions

The increasing frequency and complexity of disasters – both natural and man-made – demand coordinated, multi-level governance approaches to disaster management. This research examines the European Union's evolving policy framework for disaster risk reduction and crisis response, emphasizing its layered structure that spans the supranational, national, and local levels. At the EU level, mechanisms such as the Union Civil Protection Mechanism (UCPM) and the European Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) provide frameworks for cooperation, solidarity, and the deployment of rapid assistance. National governments play a vital role in implementing EU directives and coordinating efforts across sectors, while regional and local authorities are at the forefront of disaster preparedness and response. The analysis further explores how capacity-building initiatives, ranging from joint training and exercises to technical assistance and knowledge exchange, strengthen resilience across all governance tiers. Emphasis is placed on the need for coherent policies, inclusive planning, and investments in institutional capacities that bridge gaps between governance levels. Based on case studies and lessons learned across EU Member States, this text aims to offer strategic insights into developing an integrated and effective disaster management system that addresses both local realities and cross-border challenges.