The pivotal role of mitochondria in osteoporosis: From pathogenesis to future therapies

Osteoporosis, a prevalent metabolic bone disorder, exhibits an age-related increase in incidence, profoundly impacting patients' quality of life. Recent studies have underscored the fundamental role of mitochondria in bone metabolism, emphasizing the intricate link mitochondrial dysfunction and the viability and functionality of bone cells. Beyond their role in energy production, mitochondria are critical in modulating cellular apoptosis, oxidative stress, and calcium ion homeostasis, all of which are essential for maintaining bone health. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an integral role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, yet significant challenges persist in this field. This review seeks to elucidate the critical role of mitochondria in osteoporosis research, examine their intricate relationship with bone metabolism, and synthesize current research advances alongside future directions. Ultimately, it aims to offer novel insights for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.