Antibacterial activity of

Banana peel (Musa balbisiana) contains bioactive compounds with potential antimicrobial activity that may support diabetic ulcer management. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of banana peel extracts and their cream formulations against ulcer-associated pathogens. Fresh and waste banana peel extracts were prepared using ethanol and methanol solvents, and phytochemical screening was performed. Antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and disc diffusion assays. Cream formulations containing 1-4% extracts were also evaluated for physical characteristics. The results showed banana peel extracts contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The MIC was observed at 4% and MBC at 10%, with more vigorous activity against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, S. epidermidis) than Gram-negative (P. aeruginosa). Methanol extracts exhibited higher activity compared to ethanol extracts. Cream formulations demonstrated acceptable spread ability (5.5-7.0 cm), adhesion (1.5-2.7 s), and skin-compatible pH (5.0-6.0). These findings suggest that banana peel extracts possess promising antibacterial potential and can be developed into topical formulations for diabetic ulcer management. Further in vivo and clinical studies are needed to validate efficacy.1