Cathode chemistry innovations in anode-free aqueous zinc metal batteries

The emergence of anode-free aqueous zinc metal batteries (AF-ZMBs) represents a transformative approach that combines intrinsic safety and low cost with maximized energy density. While significant research has focused on electrolyte optimization and interface engineering to enhance zinc reversibility, comprehensive analysis of cathode chemistry specifically tailored for anode-free configurations remains limited. This review systematically examines recent advancements in innovative cathode design strategies, spanning intercalation, hybrid-ion, dual-ion, and conversion mechanisms, and analyzes their respective capabilities in maintaining zinc inventory and structural stability. By critically assessing the current landscape and future potential of these cathode systems, this work aims to establish fundamental design principles for developing practical anode-free zinc battery technologies.