Surviving Sepsis Is Not Enough, Time to Confront Post-sepsis Syndrome, A Narrative Review

While global advances in sepsis care have reduced acute mortality, many survivors face a persistent burden of Post-Sepsis Syndrome (PSS), a complex condition encompassing physical, cognitive, psychological, immunologic, and social sequelae. Despite its prevalence, post-sepsis care remains fragmented and underrecognized within routine critical care pathways. Relevant literature on post-sepsis outcomes was reviewed through major scientific databases, focusing on studies exploring the physical, cognitive, psychological, immunologic, and social consequences of sepsis. Observational, interventional, and review articles contributing to the understanding of post-sepsis syndrome were evaluated, and findings were synthesized narratively across key thematic domains. Recent multi-center and population-based studies reveal that over half of sepsis survivors experience at least one PSS component within the first year after discharge. Persistent fatigue, neuromuscular weakness, cognitive dysfunction, depression, anxiety, and increased susceptibility to infections are the most common manifestations. Hospital readmission and long-term functional decline remain frequent, while structured follow-up and rehabilitation services are scarce. Awareness among clinicians and policy frameworks addressing survivorship are limited. The reduction of in-hospital sepsis mortality has unveiled a new challenge; survivorship. Long-term recovery requires coordinated and multidisciplinary care extending beyond ICU discharge. Integrating PSS surveillance, rehabilitation programs, and patient education into national sepsis strategies is essential to improve functional outcomes and quality of life.