Culinary innovation, sustainable agriculture, and gastronomic heritage in Northern Saudi Arabia: Pathways toward food security, tourism, and vision 2030

This review provides a comprehensive assessment of culinary innovation and development in the northern region of Saudi Arabia, considering both historical foundations and contemporary transformations. It examines local dishes, ingredients, and cooking techniques while outlining opportunities and challenges for stakeholders in the food and agricultural sectors. Particular attention is given to NEOM, the emerging smart city in the northwest, as a potential driver of innovation in food, agriculture, and tourism. Key findings highlight the need to strengthen three primary production sectors—livestock, olive cultivation, and fish farming through targeted investment, scientific research, and sustainable development. Revitalizing agricultural associations, particularly livestock cooperatives, is essential for improving efficiency, attracting investors, and creating employment opportunities. Expanding olive-based industries, establishing international marketing channels, and preserving traditional recipes and ingredients are also critical for safeguarding culinary heritage. The indigenous grain al-samh is identified as a promising candidate for research and innovation due to its nutritional potential. Broader recommendations include improving food waste management, building reliable statistical databases, supporting family farms, raising awareness of animal-borne diseases, and promoting sustainable grazing practices. The review also underscores the culinary and medicinal value of desert truffles, the importance of spice cultivation, and the role of cultural initiatives in strengthening food literacy and social identity. Collectively, these strategies position the northern region as a hub for gastronomic tourism that unites heritage, sustainability, and economic growth. By aligning with Saudi Vision 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals, the region enhance food security, diversify the economy, and strengthen its global cultural presence. • Culinary heritage in Northern Saudi Arabia fuels innovation and resilience. • Livestock, olives, and aquaculture drive sustainable growth and food security. • Reducing food waste and circular economy practices strengthen resilience. • Desert truffles, spices, and Al-Samh offer nutritional and economic potential. • NEOM, festivals, and cultural programs advance gastronomy and Vision 2030.