Combating marine plastic pollution: A review of the legal framework in Benin, Ghana, and Nigeria

Marine plastic pollution poses an escalating threat to marine environments, biodiversity, human well-being, and the ecosystem services that depend on marine and aquatic resources. As a major producer, consumer, and importer of plastic, China has implemented strategic measures over the past few decades to address this issue effectively. In contrast, many African countries are facing a growing marine plastic pollution crisis with limited progress in tackling the challenge, primarily due to ineffective regulatory frameworks and their implementation. This study seeks to fill a critical research gap by evaluating the adequacy of legal and institutional measures in Benin, Ghana, and Nigeria to combat marine plastic pollution. Utilising a comparative doctrinal analysis of pertinent laws, regulations, and policies, the study contrasts the approaches of these West African nations with China’s more comprehensive regulatory framework. Findings reveal that although West African countries have initiated some regulatory actions regarding plastic production and usage, there is still a significant need for stronger actions to effectively combat plastic pollution in marine environments. While all the West African countries considered have regulations on single-use plastics, a notable weakness remains in plastic waste lifecycle management strategies, along with inadequate enforcement mechanisms. This study highlights the urgent need for strengthened legal frameworks to combat plastic pollution in marine environments and provides valuable insights from China's regulatory experiences. The analysis contributes to ongoing global policy discussions focused on establishing a legally binding framework for mitigating plastic pollution worldwide.