Ethical and Frugal Approaches to Animal Experimentation in Bioelectronics and Neural Engineering—An Invertebrate Renaissance?

ABSTRACT The accelerating development of bioelectronic neural interfaces has brought increased attention to ethical considerations surrounding in vivo experimentation, particularly in mammalian models. This commentary advocates for a more frugal, statistically grounded, and ethically mindful approach to animal research in bioelectronics and neural engineering. Emphasizing the principle of the Three Rs—Replace, Reduce, Refine—it argues that many early‐phase device validations do not require mammalian models and can benefit from a revival of invertebrate systems. Historically foundational to the field of electrophysiology, invertebrates offer cost‐effective, ethically advantageous platforms for prototyping and training. These models allow researchers to rigorously test novel materials and device concepts in vivo before transitioning to mammalian studies, improving both experimental design and animal welfare. This article discusses several example model systems and considers the associated advantages and disadvantages of each model. Reframing experimental priorities and reviewing practices around animal use can lead to more scientifically justified and resource‐conscious bioelectronics research.