Hybrid PV/PEM-EL-FC energy system for civil engineering applications: A review

This study focuses on the landscape, control methodologies, and extendability of hybrid energy systems that include photovoltaic power generation, hydrogen generated from renewable energy via proton exchange membrane-based electrolyzers, and fuel cells. It also highlights the ability of energy systems to be used in various aspects of civil engineering, especially when there are limited or unreliable of energy. Hybrid energy systems offer the capability of providing sustainable, and dependable sources of energy; therefore, they can contribute to the development of self-sufficient infrastructure in areas lacking sustainable sources of energy. Ultimately, this review indicates that an increasing number of articles on the use of fuzzy logic based maximum power point tracking algorithms, which are designed to optimize the performance of photovoltaic systems in real time environments, are being written. Also, recent publications on PV/PEM-EL- FC hybrid systems have demonstrated the feasibility of addressing the intermittent nature of solar power generation. The pursuit of reliable energy independence, and sustainable greenhouse gas emission reduction, has been linked to the transition to “green” through a myriad of interrelated issues. Therefore, this review identifies the gaps in existing research, relevant technological challenges, and possible opportunities for integrating this technology into the field in the future.