Towards a coherent logistics ecosystem: leveraging cluster theory to enhance multimodal competitiveness in North Macedonia

Transport and logistics are much more than technological and operational systems. They are fundamental socio-economic phenomena that shape the spatial organization, economic development, and regional integration of any modern economy. This paper applies cluster theory, specifically drawing on Porter’s (1998) competitive model and forces, to analyze how logistics clusters can serve as transformative ecosystems in North Macedonia, enhancing multimodal competitiveness and aligning the national infrastructure with European Union (EU) standards. This research synthesizes selected experiences, practices, and empirical insights from logistics-intensive regions in Europe, emphasizing the role of institutional coordination, digital modernization, and human capital specialization in cluster performance. The paper concludes that cluster development is not just a structural reform, but a significant strategic imperative for competitiveness, sustainability, and readiness for EU accession. The comparative analysis demonstrates that mature clusters—characterized by inter-firm cooperation, advanced infrastructure, and innovative capacity—consistently outperform fragmented systems. Policy recommendations include fostering publicprivate partnerships, greater integration potential with the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) and investing in digital infrastructure and logistics education. By adopting European best practices and overcoming institutional fragmentation, North Macedonia can move from reactive logistics management to a coherent, innovationdriven ecosystem, aligned with global value chains and green transition agendas. Key words: clusters, logistics ecosystem, multimodal transport, competitiveness, logistics performance index