ChatGPT and reference intervals: a comparative analysis of repeatability in GPT-3.5 Turbo, GPT-4, and GPT-4o

While the newer ChatGPT versions tested demonstrate improved repeatability, diagnostically unacceptable variability persists, particularly for poorly standardized analytes. Mitigating this requires thoughtful prompt design (e.g., mandatory inclusion of reference intervals), global harmonization of laboratory standards, further model refinement, and robust regulatory oversight. Until then, AI chatbots should be restricted to professional use and trained to refuse laboratory interpretation when reference intervals are not provided by the user.