A VSD-based framework for assessing climate justice in urban outdoor cooling spaces: a case study of Fuzhou, China

These results highlight the need for differentiated interventions to reduce spatial inequities. Key actions include enhancing shading along traffic corridors, improving service accessibility in aging neighborhoods, and strengthening adaptive resources in systemic deficit areas. The proposed framework offers an evidence base for equity-oriented urban governance and supports resilient urban planning and public health strategies under extreme heat.