Morphological Variations of the Mandibular Condyle and Coronoid Process in CBCT Images: A Retrospective Analysis

Background and Aim: The temporomandibular joint exhibits complex biomechanics and anatomical variability, making it susceptible to various morphological changes. This study aimed to investigate the morphological variations of the mandibular condyle and coronoid process using cone-beam computed tomography, and to evaluate their distribution across gender and dental status. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 150 cone-beam computed tomography scans from individuals aged 18–80 years. Condylar morphology was assessed in both sagittal and coronal planes, while coronoid morphology was evaluated in the sagittal plane. Morphological classifications followed established radiological criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests (p≤0.05), and power analysis was conducted using G*Power software. Results: In sagittal views, the round condylar shape was the most prevalent (63.3%), followed by beak-like (29.3%), flat (6.0%), and concave (1.3%) shapes. In coronal views, convex was the most common (48.3%), followed by angled (18.7%), flat (18.3%), rounded (13%), and concave (1.7%) shapes. Coronoid morphology was classified as round (52%) and triangular (48%). No statistically significant association was found between condylar or coronoid morphology and gender or edentulism (p>0.05). Conclusion: Cone-beam computed tomography provides accurate morphological evaluation of temporomandibular joint structures. Understanding condylar and coronoid shape variations is clinically relevant for diagnosis, treatment planning, and population-based anatomical assessments.