The gut microbiome as a potential predictive biomarker for breast cancer: emerging association and geographic differences

Despite heterogeneity, converging evidence supports reduced diversity and shifts in select taxa, particularly enrichment of <i>Bacteroides</i> and depletion of <i>Faecalibacterium</i>, as emerging features of the BC microbiome. Geographic differences underscore the influence of host and environmental factors. These findings suggest biomarker potential but highlight the need for larger, longitudinal, and standardized studies to establish causality and clinical utility.