Zeolite-based biopolymer composites: innovations, applications, and future directions in biomedical engineering

Abstract Zeolites, crystalline aluminosilicates, exhibit unique physicochemical characters, including microporosity, high surface area, and ion-exchange capabilities, which make them promising candidates for biomedical applications. Their natural biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity have generated significant interest in their use for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound healing. This review explores the potential of biopolymer composites based on zeolites, including their synthesis, properties, and applications in the biomedical field. Various biopolymers, such as chitosan, cellulose, alginate, and hyaluronic acid, have been combined with zeolites to enhance their mechanical, antibacterial, and drug-release properties. The synergistic interaction between zeolites and biopolymers has been demonstrated to improve biocompatibility, facilitate controlled drug release, and stimulate cellular activities crucial for tissue regeneration. Additionally, new synthesis techniques for zeolites, such as hydrothermal, solvothermal, and microwave-assisted methods, provide precise control over their structural properties, ultimately enhancing their suitability for biomedical applications. Challenges such as low drug loading and functionalization are still needed to achieve optimal performance, despite the significant applications of these promising materials. The review presents recent advances, describes the identified gaps in the existing research, and defines future research to optimize the applications of zeolite-based composites in the medical field, with pipeline in cancer, wound healing, and tissue regeneration.