TSO:Dark Matter as Frozen Time–Space Oscillation States

We propose a novel framework in which dark matter arises not from new particles but as frozen temporal oscillation modes embedded within an oscillatory time–space vacuum. These time-dominant eigenmodes induce phase-gradient curvature, reproducing galactic rotation curves, gravitational lensing, and large-scale structure growth, while remaining consistent with null results in direct detection experiments. The TSO approach offers a falsifiable, observationally grounded alternative to ΛCDM and WIMP-based models.For readers new to the Time–Space Oscillation framework, a structured overview of the four foundational TSO conceptual papers is available in “Time Space Oscillations. Introduction papers” (Zenodo DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1767154). This companion document summarises the core principles of TSO —TSO concept, Time dilation and Gravity equivalence, TSO & EM, TSO & QM—and provides direct links to the full manuscripts. It serves as the recommended starting point for understanding how the present photon model fits into the broader TSO structure. For an overview of related work and publications, visit:https://ndl1971.github.io/time-space-oscillations/