Application of Nanotechnology in Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials: A Review and Experimental Study

The emergence of nanotechnology has revolutionized the field of mechanical engineering, particularly in the design and performance enhancement of composite materials. By incorporating nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and nano-silica into polymer, metal, or ceramic matrices, engineers have achieved remarkable improvements in strength, stiffness, wear resistance, and thermal stability. This paper presents a detailed review and experimental evaluation of nanotechnology-based reinforcement techniques for mechanical composites. The study focuses on the dispersion and interfacial bonding mechanisms of nanoparticles within epoxy-based composites, as well as the effects of nano-fillers on tensile and impact properties. Experimental trials were conducted using a MATLAB-assisted data acquisition system and microstructure analysis through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results show that the addition of 1–2 wt% multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) increased tensile strength by 24% and impact resistance by 17% compared to base epoxy. The study concludes that optimized nanofiller dispersion and proper surface functionalization are key to achieving superior mechanical performance, paving the way for high-performance lightweight materials in aerospace, automotive, and structural applications.