Trade dynamics of the global dry bulk shipping network

• Micro-level trade flow data reveal distinct structures for coal, grain, and iron ore. • Coal, grain, and iron ore sub-networks differ in response to shocks; COVID-19 mainly restructured coal flows, while the Ukraine war fragmented grain trade communities. • Small-world characteristics are present only among reciprocally connected ports in coal, grain, and iron ore sub-networks; the aggregate network also shows small-world properties. • Commodity-specific networks are concentrated around key export ports, with core-periphery structure. The primary objective of this study is to determine how global shocks and commodity-specific geographical factors interact to shape the structure, resilience, and vulnerability of the dry bulk shipping network. To do so, we examine the global dry bulk shipping network and its coal, grain, and iron ore sub-networks from 2015 to 2023 using micro-level trade flow data. We find that these networks are highly concentrated around a small number of key export ports, with heavy-tailed degree distributions and strong core-periphery structures. However, the impact of external shocks is sharply commodity-specific: the COVID-19 pandemic triggered a major reorganisation of coal trade communities, while the war in Ukraine fragmented the grain network and drastically reduced Ukraine’s exports. In contrast, iron ore trade patterns remained relatively stable during the same period. Small-world features are present mainly within the densely interconnected core of each commodity network, where bi-directional trades are observed, while most peripheral ports function as either importers or exporters only. These findings clarify how the interplay of geography, trade imbalance, and global disruptions shapes network structure and resilience, offering insights for supply chain risk management in maritime logistics.