Stormwater control measures, design aspects, and impact of climate change – a review

• Green roofs are easy to add as a retrofit to existing buildings for stormwater management. • Bioretention systems effectively treat stormwater from TSS, TN, TP, heavy metals, E. coli , and faecal coliform. • Infiltration systems reduce stormwater volume and remove suspended solids. • Stormwater control measures can be impacted by design, climate change, land use, and retrofits. The drainage of stormwater, a critical element of the urban water cycle, has become a major issue in cities worldwide. Rapid and unplanned urbanization, coupled with increasingly frequent high-intensity rainfall events due to climate change, has reduced the effectiveness of existing drainage infrastructure. Stormwater Control Measures (SCMs) have emerged as sustainable solutions to address these challenges. As highlighted in this review, SCMs effectively reduce stormwater runoff volumes and peak discharges, while also improving water quality through the removal of pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, E. coli , and heavy metals. However, their long-term success depends on sound design, regular maintenance, and consideration of climate variability. This study systematically reviews both quantitative and qualitative aspects of SCMs, emphasizing their design parameters, performance efficiency, and resilience under changing climatic conditions. A total of approximately 240 peer-reviewed research articles published over the last two decades were carefully selected for inclusion, forming a structured database covering six major SCM categories. The selection was based on recent and high-impact studies retrieved primarily from Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Extracted performance metrics were synthesized and compared across SCM types using a literature-based quantitative approach supported by comparative tables. The review also evaluates how design considerations and site-specific factors influence SCM performance and how climate change affects their operational sustainability. The discussion concludes with key design recommendations and directions for future research, highlighting the importance of adaptive approaches and data-driven monitoring for improved SCM planning and management.