S5728 When Newly Diagnosed Cirrhosis Conceals Cancer: Diagnosing CLL in a Patient With Alcohol Use Disorder, Lymphocytic Ascites, and Exudative Pleural Effusions

Introduction: In cirrhosis, ascitic fluid is usually transudative and sterile, with low PMN counts. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is defined by PMN >250 cells/mm³, while lymphocyte-predominant ascites is rare and suggests alternative diagnoses. We present a case of decompensated presumed alcoholic cirrhosis with lymphocyte-rich ascites and pleural effusion, ultimately attributed to chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). Case Description/Methods: A 64-year-old man with newly diagnosed cirrhosis, likely alcohol-related, presented with progressive leg swelling and abdominal pain. He reported prior paracentesis in Mexico and had no outpatient follow-up. During admission, he developed worsening ascites and a right pleural effusion, requiring serial drainage. Both fluids revealed 98% lymphocytes, prompting further evaluation. Computed tomography imaging showed diffuse lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly (14 cm). Peripheral smear revealed reactive lymphocytes, and lymph node biopsy confirmed Rai stage IV CLL/SLL. Given his decompensated cirrhosis, which precluded standard CLL induction regimens, and concurrent AKI with hyperuricemia concerning for spontaneous tumor lysis, he was started on weekly rituximab monotherapy for disease debulking, along with allopurinol and rasburicase. His course was complicated by pancytopenia, AKI, and metabolic acidosis, all managed appropriately. He improved and was discharged with hematology and hepatology follow-up. Discussion: SBP typically presents with neutrophilic ascites. Lymphocyte-predominant fluid should raise concern for malignancy or tuberculosis. This case highlights the importance of fluid differential counts in diagnosis. Cirrhosis can obscure conditions like CLL/SLL due to overlapping features—ascites, splenomegaly, and cytopenias—delaying diagnosis and complicating management. Hepatic dysfunction increases infection risk, limits treatment options, and is associated with poorer outcomes in hematologic malignancies. Given the poor prognosis of decompensated cirrhosis—especially in the presence of ascites or encephalopathy—timely recognition of dual pathology is essential. When ascitic fluid profiles deviate from expected norms, clinicians should broaden their diagnostic approach to include flow cytometry, immunophenotyping, and advanced imaging to guide appropriate therapy. Disclosure: Portions of this case report were edited with the assistance of AI-based language tools.