MSW Incineration Bottom Ash-Based Alkali-Activated Binders as an Eco-Efficient Alternative for Urban Furniture and Paving: Closing the Loop Towards Sustainable Construction Solutions.

Innovative approaches in the Portland cement industry, aligned with circular economy principles, offer a promising solution to reduce the environmental impacts. These methods can initially target the architectural elements with lower structural demands, such as urban furniture and paving, before being applied to areas with higher cement usage. Alkali-activated binders (AABs) made from secondary resources present a sustainable alternative to Portland cement (PC), promoting resource recovery, conservation, and a low-carbon economy. Incinerator bottom ash (IBA), traditionally landfilled, has shown potential as a precursor for AABs due to its aluminosilicate content. Repurposing IBA for urban furniture and paving transforms it into a valuable secondary resource. Accordingly, this is the first study to utilize IBA as the sole precursor for urban furniture or paving applications. Research, including state-of-the-art studies and proof of concept developed in this work, demonstrates that IBA-based AABs can produce cast concrete suitable for non-structural urban elements, meeting the technical, environmental, and ecotoxicological standards. Using IBA in AAB formulations not only reduces the reliance on primary raw materials but also contributes to significant energy savings in binder production and lowers greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, resulting in a reduced carbon footprint. Furthermore, producing concrete from local residual resources, such as IBA, facilitates the reintegration of municipal waste into the production cycle at its point of origin, fostering a sustainable approach to urban development and supporting the circular economy.