From erbium(iii) to samarium(iii):generalized photomodulation of NIR to red lanthanide luminescence with a DTE ligand and its versatile role in the quenching processes

In this article, we report that a stable molecular system combining three DTE-β-diketonate units, a phenanthroline ligand and a lanthanide ion provides, for an unprecedented panel of lanthanide(III) ions, efficient luminescence together with an emission quenching process under UV light with very high efficiency. Indeed, this process is applicable to visible emitters (samarium(III) and europium(III)), and more importantly to different NIR emitters (ytterbium(III), neodymium(III) and erbium(III)), and it can be reversed under visible light irradiation in a highly repeatable way. The luminescence sensitizing and quenching mechanisms were further investigated with experimental and theoretical tools to decipher the peculiar and complex role of the DTE-β-diketonate units. In particular, these studies reveal the existence (i) of a very high cyclization quantum yield of the open isomer in the presence of oxygen with a triplet mediated mechanism depending on the lanthanide ion nature, and (ii) of a dark triplet state located on the closed isomer explaining the quenching of the NIR and visible emitters.