RETRACTED:Navigating Mobility in Crises: Public Transport Reliability and Sustainable Commuting Transitions in Lebanon

Lebanon is grappling with a multifaceted transportation crisis driven by the high population density, limited public transit infrastructure, and overwhelming dependence on private vehicles. These longstanding issues have been exacerbated by compounding national shocks, including the October 2019 economic collapse, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the catastrophic Beirut Port explosion in August 2020. This study investigates the implications of Lebanon’s unreliable public transportation system amid the ongoing economic instability. Using a structured Likert scale survey distributed among residents, this research analyses the key determinants influencing the modal shift from private to public transport. The results identify three dominant factors shaping this transition: the deteriorating economic conditions, the sociocultural attributes of commuters, and the perceived reliability and adequacy of public transport infrastructure. Notably, 15% of respondents cited transport reliability as the main factor influencing their commuting behaviour, while only 3% attributed their decisions solely to financial pressures. However, a majority acknowledged a confluence of both. The sharp escalation in fuel prices, triggered by the financial crisis, has amplified public interest in alternative transportation options. These findings underscore an urgent need to revamp and modernise Lebanon’s public transport system as a strategic response to mitigate congestion, enhance accessibility, and reduce economic burdens on citizens. Addressing the infrastructural gaps and improving service reliability are critical to fostering a sustainable and inclusive mobility ecosystem in the face of persistent national adversity.