Тюркизмы как лингвистический маркер историко-культурных взаимодействий Китая

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the lexicon and titulature of the Xiongnu to identify their cultural and institutional continuity with those of early Turkic states. The study employs source-based analysis of Chinese chronicles (Han Shu, Shiji, Sui Shu), phonetic reconstruction of transcriptions according to the Baxter–Sagart system, and comparative-historical examination of Old Turkic sources, including the Orkhon inscriptions and the dictionaries edited by Clauson and Kashgari. Particular attention is given to the terms chēnglí 撐犁 (täŋri) and gūtú 孤塗 (kut), as well as the titles 單于 (chányú), 屠 耆 (tuqi), and kagan, which reflect notions of celestial authority, sacred life force, and political succession. The analysis demonstrates that the Xiongnu people developed a system of sacred and political concepts that remained significant over time and influenced the formation of Turkic identity. The results confirm the importance of Xiongnu traditions for early steppe societies and their contribution to the lexical, institutional, and spiritual structures of later Turkic peoples