An exploratory analysis

Funding Information: Roberto Barrella thanks the ENGAGER COST Action CA16232 “European Energy Poverty: Agenda Co-Creation and Knowledge Innovation” for the Short-Term Scientific Mission grant awarded (E-COST-GRANT-CA16232-933c67b7) that was completed during January–April 2022 at NOVA University, Lisbon (Portugal). Pedro Palma's work has been supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the scholarship SFRH/BD/146732/2019. Pedro Palma and João Pedro Gouveia are thankful for the support provided to CENSE by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the strategic project UIDB/04085/2020. The work of Roberto Barrella, José Carlos Romero, Eva Arenas and José Ignacio Linares was supported by the Chair of Energy and Poverty of Comillas Pontifical University. This article is based upon collaborative work supported by COST Action ‘European Energy Poverty: Agenda Co-Creation and Knowledge Innovation’ (ENGAGER 2017–2021, CA16232) funded by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology www.cost.eu). The authors also wish to thank Katherine Mahoney for the English language revision of the paper. Publisher Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s)