Optimizing BaTiO3 Content in Flexible PVDF Films for Enhanced Piezoelectric Nanogenerator Performance

This study addresses the underutilized potential of harvesting mechanical energy from routine human activities, while also addressing environmental and flexibility concerns associated with conventional lead-based piezoelectric materials. With the increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly energy solutions, lead-free piezoelectric technologies have emerged as a promising alternative, particularly in the development of flexible nanogenerators. In this study, the flexible PVDF/BaTiO₃ composite films fabricated via drop casting with varying BaTiO₃ filler loadings (1 wt%, 3 wt%, and 5 wt%) were analyzed for their influence on piezoelectric performance. Characterization techniques included contact angle analysis, FESEM, XRD, FTIR, and piezoelectric output. Results showed that 1 wt% BaTiO₃ yielded the highest output voltage (8.24 V), attributed to optimal β-phase formation. However, loadings beyond 3 wt% led to void formation and particle agglomeration, reducing β-phase crystallinity and overall performance. These findings demonstrate that controlled BaTiO₃ loading enhances piezoelectric performance while promoting environmental safety and device flexibility.