Розподіл еритроцитів за поверхневим зарядом: біофізичні характристики гетерогенності, діагностичне значення та застосування у трансфузіології та біобанкінгу

Long-term storage of erythrocytes, a vital component of modern transfusion medicine, is accompanied by structural, metabolic, and biophysical alterations that reduce their functional activity. Differentiating erythrocytes by surface charge represents a promising approach for assessing viability, predicting post-transfusion behavior, and optimizing storage and biobanking strategies. However, the practical application of zeta potential analysis in clinical transfusion medicine remains insufficiently explored. To summarize current knowledge on erythrocyte heterogeneity by surface charge, their biophysical properties, diagnostic value, and application prospects in transfusion medicine and biobanking. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Clinical Key, focusing on studies addressing erythrocyte biophysics, surface charge parameters, population heterogeneity, zeta potential measurement methods, and clinical applications. Erythrocyte heterogeneity by surface charge is a fundamental population property shaped by physiological aging, oxidative stress, and membrane–cytoskeleton modifications. Reduced zeta potential is associated with enhanced aggregation, impaired deformability, and decreased microvascular passage. Analysis of zeta potential enables identification of subpopulations with varying levels of damage and prediction of their functional performance after transfusion. In transfusion medicine, this approach may improve transfusion efficiency and safety, while in biobanking it offers opportunities for better selection of cells for long-term storage. Surface charge differentiation also holds promise for predicting erythrocyte shelf life and advancing personalized transfusion strategies. Integration of zeta potential analysis into laboratory practice could enhance the quality of blood components and support the development of personalized transfusion medicine.