What Makes an Alliance Devoted? Insights from American-Israeli and Anglo-Israeli Relations

This paper explores the question, “What causes devoted cross-regional alliances?” Using a comparative case study approach, I examine the United States and the United Kingdom’s relationships with Israel through the lens of realist and constructivist theories of alliance formation. These theories assess whether alliances are driven primarily by strategic interests or shared identity. By analyzing these relationships during their most pivotal periods, I have determined that while strategic interest is necessary to cultivate an alliance, shared identity and ideological alignment transform them into devoted, unconditional partnerships that transcend regional boundaries. The contrast between the U.S.-Israel “special relationship” and the more conditional Anglo-Israeli alliance highlights the critical role of identity and public opinion in shaping foreign policy. These findings carry significant implications for understanding current U.S. and U.K. responses to the Israeli war in Gaza and the broader discussion on how ideology reinforces strategic alliances.