Assessment of Affective States in Pre-Weaning Calves Housed in Intensive Production Systems

Emotional states are increasingly recognized as key indicators of animal welfare, especially in early life stages when young animals are highly sensitive to stress and environmental challenges. This study explored the emotional responses of pre-weaning calves (up to one month old) on two intensive farms, involving a total of 1,168 calves (596 on Farm A and 572 on Farm B). The main differences between farms were related to housing conditions during the first week and group size between days 8 and 30. Emotions were assessed using a 20-trait scoring system (scale 0–120), supplemented by behavioral tests such as approach and touch tests, and observations of both physiological (e.g., play, social interaction) and pathological behaviors (e.g., apathy, stereotypies, cross-sucking). Traits were categorized as positive (e.g., activity, calmness, curiosity, playfulness, sociability) or negative (e.g., indifference, fear, agitation, boredom, apathy). During the first week, Farm A calves were calmer but less active and more prone to negative emotions, while Farm B calves were more curious and socially engaged, though more irritable. By day 15, Farm A calves showed greater liveliness and satisfaction, while Farm B calves still exhibited more negative states. On days 22 and 30, Farm A calves demonstrated more activity and play, although some negative behaviors persisted. Despite fluctuations, overall emotional scores did not differ significantly between farms. Positive emotions generally dominated. These findings highlight the impact of housing on calf welfare and support the use of behavioral and physiological indicators to assess emotional well-being. Further research is needed to develop validated tools and improve husbandry in intensive systems.