Explaining the pattern of key factors affecting the internationalization of SMEs under conditions of uncertainty

Purpose: The internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) plays a vital role in the economic development of the country. Therefore, it is essential to identify the key factors affecting the successful presence of these companies in international markets and, consequently, the development of foreign trade and increased exports. Paying attention to this issue can be the solution to many of the country's trade and economic challenges. Therefore, the primary objective of this research is to develop a comprehensive model of the key factors influencing the internationalization of companies in the small and medium-sized industries sector, particularly in conditions of environmental uncertainty. Methodology: The research method is applied and exploratory. The statistical population of the study includes experts and managers interested in the issue of corporate internationalization in small and medium-sized industries. In the qualitative part, a purposive non-random sampling method was employed, while in the quantitative part, a random sampling method was used to select the statistical sample for the study. The data collection tools are interviews and questionnaires. Thematic analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data. Findings: Based on content analysis, 11 key factors influencing the internationalization of companies were extracted. The findings from confirmatory factor analysis show that the most important key factors are: Networking and developing strategic alliances, Developing flexible strategies for entering international markets, Developing a technology and innovation ecosystem for the internationalization, Developing the recruitment and retention system and relationships between stakeholders in the internationalization of companies, Optimizing and improving the quality of products, services, and processes to create a sustainable competitive advantage. Originality/value: Using a mixed approach technique, this research identifies the factors affecting the internationalization of SMEs under conditions of uncertainty and by considering the dynamic and behavioral complexities associated with various stakeholders and actors in the phenomenon of corporate internationalization, which has not been considered by researchers from this perspective, and its results can be used in planning and policymaking for the development of exports and international trade for stakeholders.