Specification and design refactorings for sustainable agile model-driven engineering

Refactoring is an essential technique in agile development, aiming to improve the quality of delivered code, and to manage the technical debt (TD) levels of software over system lifetimes. For agile model-driven engineering (MDE), refactorings should be applicable at the software modelling level. In addition, due to concerns about climate change, refactorings should also reduce software energy use.<br/><br/>In this paper we describe refactorings of software specifications and designs expressed in UML/OCL models, and evaluate the effectiveness of these refactorings for reducing software energy-use.