Exploring the factors influencing school soundscapes: Insights from teachers and acoustic experts

Indoor soundscapes, increasingly recognized for their impact on well-being, are gaining attention as schools transition from traditional acoustic approaches to a more holistic soundscape approach. This study examines the factors influencing school indoor soundscapes and their integration into the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 12913-1:2014 conceptual framework for soundscapes. Data were collected through interviews with 20 teachers and two focus groups involving school staff and acoustics experts. Thematic analysis identified three key themes: acoustic factors (e.g. effective hearing and resting), user-related factors (e.g. expectations, experiences, and sensitivities), and school-related factors (e.g. teaching strategies, time schedules, and space use). Findings highlight the importance of balancing noise reduction with the introduction of positive sounds to create restorative environments that support well-being. User factors dominate discussions, reflecting the centrality of individual experiences and needs in shaping school soundscapes. Integrating these factors into the ISO framework provides a structured approach to understanding school soundscapes, emphasizing the interaction between sound sources, context and perceptual responses. This study demonstrates the shift from traditional noise control to soundscape designs in schools, providing insights for indoor environments.