Foutlokalisatie in middenspanningsnetten met inverter-gebaseerde bronnen

Medium-voltage distribution grids with high penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) pose significant challenges for fault location methods. Traditional methods, which assume large, nearly sinusoidal fault currents from synchronous generators, become unreliable due to controlled and distorted fault currents produced by IBRs. Two primary issues underpin this challenge. First, communication constraints in distribution networks limit multi-ended methods, necessitating single-ended methods. Second, the limited magnitude and distorted waveforms of IBR fault currents make existing methods incompatible with modern grids. This thesis introduces two single-ended fault-location methods specifically designed for MV cables and overhead lines. Both methods employ detailed time-domain methods to improve robustness under various IBR fault-ride-through conditions. Extensive electromagnetic transient simulations assess each method's performance across diverse system and fault conditions. Additionally, both fault-location methods are implemented on embedded platforms: the cable fault-location method executes in under 4 seconds, while the overhead-line fault-location method completes in under 10 seconds, demonstrating real-time feasibility. For the fault‐location method for MV cables, a complementary method for estimating sheath grounding resistance is proposed. Also, the fault‐location method for overhead lines is simplified and accelerated to be used as a distance protection method. After implementation of the distance protection method on the embedded platform, it has a five‐millisecond execution time and within thirty milliseconds after fault inception can determine whether the fault is in zone 1. Simulation outcomes confirm high accuracy for both methods. The cable fault-location method consistently estimates fault location with errors below 2 % in over 4,000 simulated fault cases, leveraging sheath current measurements to refine zero-sequence modeling. Although the sheath measurement requirement limits its application in industry, it provides precise distance estimation under IBR conditions. The overhead-line fault-location method achieves errors below 4 % across 864 simulated cases, using only local voltage and current measurements combined with remote-end Thevenin infeed estimation. While remote-end estimation introduces dependency, it remains practical compared to fully communication-based schemes.