The psychological architecture of elite sports performance: Evidence, interventions, and research priorities

Abstract This systematic review synthesizes contemporary research on the psychological profile of elite athletes, with a focus on self-confidence, anxiety/negativity, attentional control, motivation, imagery, positivity, and competitive attitude. Drawing on 48 empirical studies across diverse sports and global contexts, the review evaluates the dynamic relationships among these constructs, benchmarks psychological training interventions, and critically examines the unique roles of positivity and competitive attitude in elite performance. Findings show that self-confidence inversely correlates with anxiety/negativity, while attentional control and motivation are pivotal for sustaining resilience and competitive drive. Psychological skills training, encompassing imagery, relaxation, and cognitive restructuring, effectively enhance self-confidence and reduce anxiety/negativity, although intervention heterogeneity limits definitive conclusions. Persistent challenges include a lack of standardized measurement tools, a predominance of cross-sectional studies, and insufficient longitudinal and culturally adapted research. The review underscores the need for rigorous, longitudinal investigations and tailored interventions to advance theoretical models and optimize psychological preparation in elite sport.