AI-Optimized Graphene-Based Biosensor for Ultra-Sensitive Biomolecular Detection

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensors have emerged as indispensable tools for real-time, label-free detection of biomolecules. However, conventional SPR sensors that employ noble metals are often hampered by substantial optical losses and constrained tunability in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum. To address these challenges, we introduce an optimized SPR biosensor that integrates transparent conducting oxides (TCOs)—specifically, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) and indium tin oxide (ITO)—with graphene, thereby enhancing both plasmonic performance and biomolecular interactions.