Comprehensive analysis of mineral levels in UK drinking water sources: benchmarking against WHO and DWI guidelines using MP-AES

This study offers a thorough examination of the mineral contents of drinking water from tap, bottled, and river sources in several important UK locations, such as London, Manchester, and Scotland. The amounts of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) in 14 different water samples were measured using microwave plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES). Every sample was assessed in relation to the mineral content standards set by the UK Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The findings demonstrate glaring differences in water sources and locations: river samples frequently had noticeably low calcium and magnesium levels, while a number of bottled and tap water samples exceeded recommended sodium limits. These trends highlight how drinking water's mineral content varies based on its origin and source. The study affirms MP-AES as a reliable method for regional water quality monitoring and compliance analysis in addition to promoting public health awareness and regulatory insight.