Identifying and Developing Smartwatch User Experience (UX) Elements: A Mixed-Methods Study

This study systematically identifies and refines essential user experience (UX) elements for smartwatches, aiming to inform both research and design practices in wearable technology. Using a mixed-methods approach, including a scoping review of 19 literature studies, a 14-day diary study (<i>n</i> = 94), and thematic analysis of 6,839 Reddit comments, we synthesize new insights and introduce novel constructs such as “healthology” and “perceived technological intelligence.” The findings reveal how adaptive intelligence, health tracking integration, and customization drive user engagement, while persistent issues such as device annoyance impede adoption and satisfaction. We propose a framework for smartwatch UX, grounded in both theory and user-centered data, and offer prioritized recommendations for designers and researchers, ultimately supporting user satisfaction and sustained device use.