Fungal contamination in schools: key insights and assessment strategies

Fungal contamination in schools poses significant risks to indoor air quality and student health, particularly from species like Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium sp., which are linked to respiratory illnesses. This systematic review examines the impact of geographical location and seasonality on fungal presence in schools, while evaluating sampling methodologies, analytical approaches, and contextual factors that influence exposure. This systematic review identified 47 studies selected for analysis, based on inclusion criteria such as “Indoor school environments” and “Fungi OR Mold”. Data extraction focused on sampling practices (environmental samples), sampling techniques (active/passive), analytical methods (culture-based/molecular), climatic conditions, and clinically relevant fungi. Sampling occurred predominantly in classrooms (38/47 studies), with additional sites including canteens, corridors, and surfaces. Active sampling (32 studies) used impactors, filters, and pumps, while passive methods (15 studies) relied on settled dust and electrostatic cloths. Only 7 studies combined both approaches, limiting comprehensive exposure assessment. Culture-based methods (32 studies) dominated but risk underestimation, as only 11 studies used molecular assays (e.g., qPCR), and just 3 integrated both. Contextual data (building structure, ventilation, and cleaning practices) were reported in only 7% of studies, hindering meta-analysis. Moisture damage and carpeting correlated with elevated fungal levels and respiratory symptoms. A comprehensive sampling approach, combining active and passive sampling with molecular and culture-based techniques, is critical for accurate fungal identification and resistance profiling [6]. Contextual factors (humidity, ventilation, seasonal changes) must be systematically reported to inform interventions. Regulatory frameworks should prioritize species-specific monitoring (e.g., Mucorales order, Aspergillus fumigatus) and school-specific guidelines for air quality. Future research must adopt interdisciplinary collaboration and centralized data repositories to advance risk mitigation. Addressing these gaps will safeguard student health and support evidence-based policies for healthier educational environments.