Insights from two case studies

Funding Information: The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the IEA EBC Annex 82 for providing the framework in which this work was completed. The analysis of the German building cluster in this research was carried out in the framework of the project "Living Lab NRW" supported by the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Industry, Climate Action and Energy of North Rhein-Westphalia under the contract number EFO 0027. The Swiss work described in this paper was funded by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy SFOE under contract number BFE SI/502154. The UK contribution to this work was made possible by support from the EPSRC & SFI Centre for Doctoral Training in Energy Resilience and the Built Environment (ERBE CDT) (grant EP/E21671/1). The Portuguese contributions were supported by the Portuguese “Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia” (FCT) in the context of the Center of Technology and Systems CTS/UNINOVA/FCT/NOVA, reference UIDB/00066/2020. Publisher Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s)