Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Novel Cell-Free Therapeutic Strategy and Diagnostic Biomarker

Xiaoling Wang,1,2 Fulan Yang,3 Puwen Chen,1 Mei Yang,1 Yuxin Deng,4 Zhao Zhan5 1The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, People’s Republic of China; 2College of Medical Technology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Breast Surgery, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, People’s Republic of China; 4Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550001, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yuxin Deng, Email [email protected] Zhao Zhan, Email [email protected]: With the ongoing trend of population aging worldwide, the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is steadily increasing. In the absence of effective therapeutic options for atypical forms of AD, reducing its prevalence and improving treatment outcomes have become pressing priorities. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have attracted growing attention as a new cell-free therapeutic approach for AD due to their high stability, low immunogenicity, and minimal tumorigenic risk. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathological mechanisms underlying AD, highlights the diagnostic potential of MSC-EVs, and elaborates on their therapeutic advantages and mechanisms of action. Furthermore, it addresses the key challenges and considerations associated with the clinical translation of MSC-EVs.Keywords: extracellular vesicles, Alzheimer’s disease, mesenchymal stem cell, β-amyloid protein