The rock art soundscapes of the Karakol valley (Republic of Altai, Russia): An archaeoacoustic study of a unique landscape

This article explores the presence of shamanism in the Karakol valley, analysing its historical timeline from prehistoric to modern times. Scholarly opinions vary, suggesting origins from the Neolithic to the modern era, with clearer depictions emerging in the 18th and 19th centuries. Acoustic tests conducted in four areas associated with shamanic practices revealed inconclusive results due to their location in an open-air environment. However, accounts of intense auditory experiences during shamanic rituals suggest that, even if acoustics may be used in some occasions, there are other alternative means of emotional control. It is argued that the lack of significant acoustic effects in the tested sites does not rule out the possibility of shamanic rituals. The discussion also delves into the representation of shamans in rock art and the interpretation of results from acoustic tests, considering factors like reverberation and sound clarity. This study highlights the complex interplay between shamanism, sensory experiences and ritualistic practices in ancient societies.